Phonological aspects of speech
- Paralinguistics
- Prosodic elements
- Stress
- Intonation
- Tempo
- Pauses
- Oral signals
- Volume
These are all common features of written mode.
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Spontaneous Speech
Linguistic Frameworks:
- Contextual = What is happening?
- Lexical-semantic = The words being used.
- Syntactical = Word order.
- Grammatical = What sort of grammar is used?
- Rhetorical = Rhetorical devices.
- Phonological = The sounds being made.
- Interaction = Why are people involved?
- Graohologic = Visible aspects.
Always use grammatical frameworks for spontaneous speech and look at interrupted constructions, disjointed constructions, incomplete constructions and non-standard grammar.
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Non-Fluency features
- Fillers
- Filled/unvoiced pauses
- Unintentional repetition
- False starts
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Types, functions and influences of spoken language
Types of spoken language
- Prepared
- Spontaneous
- Monologue
- Dialogue
Functions of spoken language
- Referential
- Expressive
- Transactional
- Interactional
- Phatic communion
Influences of spoken language
- Regional origin
- Socio-economic status
- Occupation
- Gender
- Ethnic identity
- Age
- Group membership
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The Maxims of speech
1) Maxim of quantity
2) Maxim of relevance
3) Maxim of manner
4) Maxim of quality
Flouting the Maxims effects
-> Disrupts conversation
-> Dissatisfaction of other participants of conversation
-> Makes flouter seem negative
Sometimes people use implicature or pragmatics to make it seem like they're flouting the maxims, but really they're just giving the relevant information on a deeper level.
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Conversation Theory
Accommodation Theory
Harold Giles suggested that we adapt our speech depending on who we're addressing. We do this by:
- Convergence
- Divergence
- Upward Convergence
- Downward Convergence
- Mutual Convergence
Face Theory
We present a persona when talking to others and this is our face. People usually accept the face they are presented. Facework is how we support or challenge people's faces.
Two types of face need:
1) Positive Face Need: The desire to be liked
2) Negative Face Need: The desire to be independent
Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) challenge a person's face need.
Politeness
This is how reduce face threatening acts. We do this with:
-> Positive politeness e.g. use slang; terms of endearment
-> Negative politeness e.g. expressing pessimism; acknowledge imposition
Politeness Principle
1) Don't impose
2) Give options
3) Make receiver feel good
