The Fis Phenomenon
Berke and Brown talked to a child who called his inflatable fish 'fis'. The child got frustrated whenever an adult also called it a 'fis' and then protested, saying it was a 'fis'. They were only satisfied when the adult said 'fish'. This showed that children's understanding of how words should be pronounced preceded their actual pronunciation.
Deb Roy
Deb Roy recorded 90,000 hours of video footage around his house with hidden cameras of his son growing up. There were 140,000 hours of audio and 200 TB of data recorded, all in a natural environment so his child would behave as he would in every-day situations as he was unaware that he was being observed. A motion-analysis was created, developing space/time worms tracing where the boy moved around the house and developed his language from. From this footage, teams were able to go over 7 million word scripts of language development of the child over 3 years.
Tuesday, 17 March 2015
Child Language Acquisition - Phonology
Basics of Phonology
Place of articulation: Where in the mouth you are putting your tongue in order to control air flow.
Manner of articulation: How you shape the sound.
Plosive: Can only make the sound one. It explodes from your mouth. e.g. 'p', 'b' etc.
Fricative: Keep making the sound constantly. e.g. 's', 'r' 'f'
Nasal: Keep making noises with the mouth shut e.g. 'm'
Affricative: Starts like a fricative and then ends like a plosive. e.g. 'ch'
Voicing: Whether or not you engage the vocal chords.
Babbling and Patterns
There are two types of babbling:
1) Reduplicated - Some consonant-vowel structures repeated
AND
2) Varriegated - Combinations of difference consonant-vowel structures
Simplification
Children simplify pronunciation when speaking in three ways:
1) Substitution - fricatives are swapped for plosives and voiced for unvoiced. e.g. zebra - debra
2) Deletion:
• Final consonant dropped e.g. cat - ca
• Unstressed syllables e.g. banana - nana
• Reduced consonant clusters e.g. snake - nake
3) Reduplication - different sounds in the word become the same e.g. dog - gog
Lexical-Semantic
First Word Categories:
• Entities - Names of people, food, humans, clothes, vehicles, animals, toys, other objects e.t.c.
• Properties - All gone, hot, more, dirty, here, there e.t.c.
• Actions - Up, sit, see, eat e.t.c.
• Personal-Social - hello, bye, no, yes, please, thank you, ta e.t.c.
Development of word classes ordered by size of groups:
- Nouns (concrete)
- Verbs (dynamic)
- Adjectives
Underextension - Giving a word a narrower meaning than it has in adult language e.g. calling a family cat 'cat' but not applying it to all other cats.
Overextension - A word is given a broader, more general meaning e.g. all four legged animals become 'dog'.
• Overextension is seen more frequently than underextension.
• As child's vocabulary grows, overextension narrows and underextension widens.
• Children understand words in advance of being able to produce them correctly. e.g. Fis Phenomenon.
Place of articulation: Where in the mouth you are putting your tongue in order to control air flow.
Manner of articulation: How you shape the sound.
Plosive: Can only make the sound one. It explodes from your mouth. e.g. 'p', 'b' etc.
Fricative: Keep making the sound constantly. e.g. 's', 'r' 'f'
Nasal: Keep making noises with the mouth shut e.g. 'm'
Affricative: Starts like a fricative and then ends like a plosive. e.g. 'ch'
Voicing: Whether or not you engage the vocal chords.
Babbling and Patterns
There are two types of babbling:
1) Reduplicated - Some consonant-vowel structures repeated
AND
2) Varriegated - Combinations of difference consonant-vowel structures
Simplification
Children simplify pronunciation when speaking in three ways:
1) Substitution - fricatives are swapped for plosives and voiced for unvoiced. e.g. zebra - debra
2) Deletion:
• Final consonant dropped e.g. cat - ca
• Unstressed syllables e.g. banana - nana
• Reduced consonant clusters e.g. snake - nake
3) Reduplication - different sounds in the word become the same e.g. dog - gog
Lexical-Semantic
First Word Categories:
• Entities - Names of people, food, humans, clothes, vehicles, animals, toys, other objects e.t.c.
• Properties - All gone, hot, more, dirty, here, there e.t.c.
• Actions - Up, sit, see, eat e.t.c.
• Personal-Social - hello, bye, no, yes, please, thank you, ta e.t.c.
Development of word classes ordered by size of groups:
- Nouns (concrete)
- Verbs (dynamic)
- Adjectives
Underextension - Giving a word a narrower meaning than it has in adult language e.g. calling a family cat 'cat' but not applying it to all other cats.
Overextension - A word is given a broader, more general meaning e.g. all four legged animals become 'dog'.
• Overextension is seen more frequently than underextension.
• As child's vocabulary grows, overextension narrows and underextension widens.
• Children understand words in advance of being able to produce them correctly. e.g. Fis Phenomenon.
Child Language Development - basics
Language acquisition is the process by which children go from being unable to speak a language to being fluent and also learn to write.
Nativism - Children have an instinctive biological nature to learn language.
Behaviourism - Children pick up language from what they hear around them.
Language Development Stages
(Pre-verbal) Vegetative - Reflex crying noises - 0 to 4 months
Cooing - Open-mouthed vowel sounds - 3 to 6 months
Babbling - Repeated consonant sounds - 6 to 12 months
Proto-word - Babbling sounds that match actual word sounds - 9 to 12 months
(Grammatical) One-word/holophrastic - Single recognisable words - 9 to 18 months
Two-word - Two word combinations - 18 to 24 months
Telegraphic - 3 to 6 word combinations - 24 to 40 months
Post-telegraphic - Grammatically complete constructions - 36 months onwards
(This can be remembered with Very Cool Baby People Often Talk To Pigs)
Nativism - Children have an instinctive biological nature to learn language.
Behaviourism - Children pick up language from what they hear around them.
Language Development Stages
(Pre-verbal) Vegetative - Reflex crying noises - 0 to 4 months
Cooing - Open-mouthed vowel sounds - 3 to 6 months
Babbling - Repeated consonant sounds - 6 to 12 months
Proto-word - Babbling sounds that match actual word sounds - 9 to 12 months
(Grammatical) One-word/holophrastic - Single recognisable words - 9 to 18 months
Two-word - Two word combinations - 18 to 24 months
Telegraphic - 3 to 6 word combinations - 24 to 40 months
Post-telegraphic - Grammatically complete constructions - 36 months onwards
(This can be remembered with Very Cool Baby People Often Talk To Pigs)
Wednesday, 26 November 2014
Spoken Mode
Phonological aspects of speech
- Paralinguistics
- Prosodic elements
- Stress
- Intonation
- Tempo
- Pauses
- Oral signals
- Volume
These are all common features of written mode.
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Spontaneous Speech
Linguistic Frameworks:
- Contextual = What is happening?
- Lexical-semantic = The words being used.
- Syntactical = Word order.
- Grammatical = What sort of grammar is used?
- Rhetorical = Rhetorical devices.
- Phonological = The sounds being made.
- Interaction = Why are people involved?
- Graohologic = Visible aspects.
Always use grammatical frameworks for spontaneous speech and look at interrupted constructions, disjointed constructions, incomplete constructions and non-standard grammar.
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Non-Fluency features
- Fillers
- Filled/unvoiced pauses
- Unintentional repetition
- False starts
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Types, functions and influences of spoken language
Types of spoken language
- Prepared
- Spontaneous
- Monologue
- Dialogue
Functions of spoken language
- Referential
- Expressive
- Transactional
- Interactional
- Phatic communion
Influences of spoken language
- Regional origin
- Socio-economic status
- Occupation
- Gender
- Ethnic identity
- Age
- Group membership
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The Maxims of speech
1) Maxim of quantity
2) Maxim of relevance
3) Maxim of manner
4) Maxim of quality
Flouting the Maxims effects
-> Disrupts conversation
-> Dissatisfaction of other participants of conversation
-> Makes flouter seem negative
Sometimes people use implicature or pragmatics to make it seem like they're flouting the maxims, but really they're just giving the relevant information on a deeper level.
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Conversation Theory
Accommodation Theory
Harold Giles suggested that we adapt our speech depending on who we're addressing. We do this by:
- Convergence
- Divergence
- Upward Convergence
- Downward Convergence
- Mutual Convergence
Face Theory
We present a persona when talking to others and this is our face. People usually accept the face they are presented. Facework is how we support or challenge people's faces.
Two types of face need:
1) Positive Face Need: The desire to be liked
2) Negative Face Need: The desire to be independent
Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) challenge a person's face need.
Politeness
This is how reduce face threatening acts. We do this with:
-> Positive politeness e.g. use slang; terms of endearment
-> Negative politeness e.g. expressing pessimism; acknowledge imposition
Politeness Principle
1) Don't impose
2) Give options
3) Make receiver feel good
Written Mode
Features of written mode
- Graphology: including typeface, layout, illustrations, capitalisation, deviant spelling and white space.
- Standard English
- Formality
- Inclusion of rhetoric
- Sophisticated lexical choices
- Planned
- Transactional
- Permanent
- Distant
- Delayed
Written mode is mainly found in speech in scripted dialogue, planned speech and broadcast talk.
Scripted dialogue is prepared so tends to be more organised, coherent and formal. There are far less non-fluency features like disjointed or incomplete constructions.
Broadcast talk is partly prepared and partly spontaneous.
- Graphology: including typeface, layout, illustrations, capitalisation, deviant spelling and white space.
- Standard English
- Formality
- Inclusion of rhetoric
- Sophisticated lexical choices
- Planned
- Transactional
- Permanent
- Distant
- Delayed
Written mode is mainly found in speech in scripted dialogue, planned speech and broadcast talk.
Scripted dialogue is prepared so tends to be more organised, coherent and formal. There are far less non-fluency features like disjointed or incomplete constructions.
Broadcast talk is partly prepared and partly spontaneous.
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